De investeringsbeslissing
We maken het model nog een stapje ingewikkelder. De noten kunnen niet alleen bewaard worden, ze kunnen ook worden ingezet om een stuk gereedschap van te maken. Nu kun je met de noten dus drie verschillende dingen doen: je kunt ze meteen opeten, je kunt ze gewoon bewaren (laten liggen, sparen) of je kunt ze bewerken om er gereedschap van te maken. Nu kan Robinson niet alleen sparen, hij kan ook investeren. Waarom zou Robinson investeren? Het idee is dat als je nu noten gebruikt om er gereedschap van te maken, dat je dan in de toekomst met minder tijd meer noten kunt rapen of plukken. Je maakt van de noten bijvoorbeeld stokken of scheppen die je arbeidsproductiviteit in de toekomst vergroten. Ook bij een stationaire groei (of nulgroei) zul je moeten blijven investeren omdat machines en apparatuur verslijt en/of onderhoud behoeft.
Investeren zal Robinson alleen maar doen als hij daar een positief rendement van verwacht. De tijd die hij nu nodig heeft om het gereedschap te maken moet meer dan goed worden gemaakt door de tijd die hij in de toekomst uit kan sparen door snellere pluk of vangst. De verhouding tussen toekomstig bespaarde tijd versus nu extra benodigde tijd zouden we hier de reële rentevoet kunnen noemen. Hoe hoger deze rentevoet hoe meer Robinson geneigd is nu minder te consumeren en meer tijd te stoppen in de productie van ‘machines’. Let op: ook bij een eenpersoonseconomie kan dus sprake zijn van een rentevoet (hebben we later nodig bij de behandeling van Greco). Maar de voordelen van de rente komen geheel en al ten goede aan Robinson zelf, het is zijn extra inspanning in het heden versus zijn eigen beloning in de toekomst.
Impliciet zitten in bovenstaande modellen nog twee vooronderstellingen verscholen. Robinson houdt van vrije tijd. Het omgekeerde daarvan betekent dat hij arbeid niet leuk vindt (want het gaat ten koste van vrije tijd). Arbeid vindt alleen plaats als daar een beloning tegenover staat. Die beloning noemde ik hierboven in deel (1) de reële loonvoet. Verder vindt Robinson consumptie in het heden fijner dan consumptie in de toekomst. Er zit iets achter van: je kunt het maar beter gehad hebben, ik leef in het nu en hoe het in de toekomst is moet je nog maar afwachten. In economentaal wordt dat tijdsvoorkeur genoemd. Robinson is alleen bereid huidige consumptie uit te stellen als daar in de toekomst een vergoeding tegenover staat. Als Robinson, alle overige omstandigheden gelijk, moet kiezen tussen dezelfde hoeveelheid consumptie nu of in de toekomst, kiest hij dus voor de consumptie nu. Sparen en investeren zijn allebei vormen van uitgestelde consumptie. In het voorbeeld van hierboven spaart Robinson alleen omdat hij wel moet (onzekere oogst of niet in staat te werken) en investeert hij omdat hij daar een positieve beloning voor terug verwacht. De positieve beloning van investeren noemden we hierboven de reële rentevoet. In economische termen: Robinson zal alleen investeren als het verwachte rendement op de investering hoger is dan zijn tijdsvoorkeur.
Merk tenslotte op dat sparen en investeren hier niet gelijk aan elkaar hoeven te zijn. Robinson kan sparen en investeren tegelijk, het zijn afzonderlijke overwegingen, ze zijn niet per se op elk moment aan elkaar gekoppeld (hoewel ze over een langere periode wel weer met elkaar in verband staan, maar dat gaat voor nu te ver om uit te werken).
In deze economie is geen geld aanwezig en ook geen schuldpapieren. Het zijn alleen goederen die de klok slaan. Geld en schuld heeft pas zin als er sprake is van meerdere personen die met elkaar iets kunnen uitruilen. Deel 3 gaat verder met een economie waarin meerdere personen goederen met elkaar kunnen ruilen.
Enkele conclusies (met het oog op vervolg naar Greco):
- Rente of rendement is niet iets wat banken hebben uitgevonden
- Maar een normaal mechanisme om beslissingen in de tijd optimaal in te kunnen richten
- Rente heeft op zich niet zoveel met geld te maken, rente kan ook thuis horen in een pure goederen economie
- Rente of rendement kan in bijzondere gevallen ook negatief zijn
- Ook bij nulgroei van een economie moet er geïnvesteerd worden om te compenseren voor slijtage (vervangingsinvesteringen)
- Rente en groei zijn dus geen zaken die inherent leiden tot een onhoudbare of instabiele situatie (met alsmaar toenemende schuldenlasten etc)
- Budget constraints (in de tijd) spelen een grote rol bij het brengen van evenwicht of het voorkomen van instabiliteit: je kunt of mag over een heel leven niet meer opmaken dan je in totaliteit verdient (of je nu een individu bent of een land)
- Crusoë is een mooie metafoor voor duurzaamheid: afwentelen naar een ander of in de tijd is simpelweg niet mogelijk, Crusoë krijgt de consquenties van zijn eigen daden onherroepelijk voor zijn eigen kiezen
Wordt vervolgd
Rudy van Stratum
Realmente estoy disfrutando el diseño y el diseño de tu blog. Es muy agradable a la vista, lo que hace que sea mucho más agradable para mí venir aquí y visitarlo con más frecuencia. Estamos enlazando a este gran contenido en nuestro sitio. Sigan con la gran escritura.
Many men who feel lonely and disappointed can book High Class Call Girls in Goa for the thrilling companionship. Experienced and sexy escorts will pamper their mood and provide them the best sexual treat. You can plan to get DFK, emotional caressing, showers of love that would boost your mental health and enrich your life with treasure trove of love, laughter, joy and incredible fun.
Fantastic post however , I was wondering if you could write a
litte more on this topic? I’d be very grateful if you
could elaborate a little bit further. Kudos!
My developer is trying to persuade me to move
to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the costs.
But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using WordPress on various websites
for about a year and am concerned about switching to another platform.
I have heard fantastic things about blogengine.net.
Is there a way I can import all my wordpress posts into it?
Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated!
Just desire to say your article is as astonishing.
The clearness in your post is just great and i can assume you are an expert on this subject.
Fine with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post.
Thanks a million and please carry on the gratifying work.
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your web site.
Do you ever run into any browser compatibility problems?
A couple of my blog audience have complained about my
site not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome.
Do you have any advice to help fix this problem?
I think the admin of this site is really working hard for
his web site, as here every stuff is quality based material.
I’ll immediately snatch your rss as I can’t to find your e-mail subscription hyperlink or newsletter service.
Do you’ve any? Please allow me recognize so that I could
subscribe. Thanks.
Thanks for a marvelous posting! I genuinely enjoyed reading it, you
may be a great author.I will ensure that I bookmark your blog and will come back in the foreseeable
future. I want to encourage yourself to continue your
great job, have a nice weekend!
I am regular reader, how are you everybody? This paragraph posted at this site is genuinely fastidious.
Hey very interesting blog!
of course like your website but you have to take a look at the spelling on several of your posts.
A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I in finding
it very bothersome to inform the reality then again I will definitely come again again.
Its like you read my mind! You appear to know so much about this, like you wrote
the book in it or something. I think that you can do with a
few pics to drive the message home a little bit, but other than that, this is fantastic blog.
A fantastic read. I will certainly be back.
Excellent article! We will be linking to this particularly
great article on our site. Keep up the good writing.
Simply wish to say your article is as astonishing.
The clearness for your post is simply cool and i
could suppose you are a professional in this subject.
Well along with your permission let me to snatch your feed
to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks one million and please continue the enjoyable work.
Thanks for any other informative web site. Where else could I get that kind of info written in such a
perfect approach? I’ve a undertaking that I’m just
now working on, and I’ve been at the glance out for such info.
I read this paragraph completely about the resemblance of newest and preceding technologies, it’s awesome article.
Do you have a spam problem on this website; I also am a blogger, and I was curious about your situation; many of us
have developed some nice procedures and we are looking to trade methods with others, why not shoot me an e-mail if interested.
Yes! Finally someone writes about situs bokep.
Wonderful items from you, man. I’ve have in mind your stuff previous to and you’re simply extremely fantastic.
I actually like what you have received here, certainly like
what you are saying and the way through which you are saying it.
You’re making it entertaining and you still care for to keep it wise.
I can’t wait to learn far more from you. This is actually a wonderful website.
fantastic submit, very informative. I ponder why the opposite specialists of this
sector don’t understand this. You must proceed your
writing. I’m confident, you’ve a huge readers’ base already!
This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger. I’ve joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your
wonderful post. Also, I’ve shared your website in my social networks!
Excellent post. Keep writing such kind of info on your
blog. Im really impressed by your blog.
Hi there, You’ve done a fantastic job. I’ll definitely digg it and personally recommend to my friends.
I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this website.
I visit everyday some web sites and information sites to read posts,
however this website gives feature based writing.
Greetings, I think your site might be having web browser compatibility problems.
When I look at your blog in Safari, it looks fine however when opening in I.E., it’s got some overlapping
issues. I just wanted to provide you with a quick heads up!
Apart from that, excellent blog!
I am really loving the theme/design of your weblog.
Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility
problems? A handful of my blog audience have complained about
my site not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Safari.
Do you have any tips to help fix this problem?
It is the best time to make some plans for the future and
it’s time to be happy. I have read this put up and if I may I want to recommend you some
attention-grabbing issues or suggestions. Maybe you could write subsequent articles referring
to this article. I want to read more issues about it!
I like what you guys are usually up too.
This kind of clever work and reporting! Keep up the
superb works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to blogroll.
I just like the valuable information you provide in your articles.
I’ll bookmark your blog and test once more here frequently.
I’m reasonably certain I will be informed a lot of new stuff proper
here! Good luck for the next!
I think this is among the most important info for me.
And i am glad reading your article. But want to remark on some general things, The
site style is great, the articles is really nice :
D. Good job, cheers
Tremendous issues here. I’m very happy to peer your article.
Thank you a lot and I am looking ahead to touch
you. Will you kindly drop me a e-mail?
Hey there, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues.
When I look at your website in Safari, it looks fine
but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping.
I just wanted to give you a quick heads up!
Other then that, superb blog!
Hey! Would you mind if I share your blog with my twitter group?
There’s a lot of folks that I think would really appreciate your content.
Please let me know. Cheers
WOW just what I was looking for. Came here by searching for zona lendir
excellent points altogether, you simply received a new reader.
What could you recommend in regards to your publish that you
simply made some days ago? Any sure?
If some one needs to be updated with most up-to-date technologies then he
must be pay a quick visit this site and be up to date daily.
There’s certainly a lot to know about this topic.
I really like all the points you made.
Asking questions are genuinely good thing if you are not understanding
something totally, however this article presents good understanding even.
I was able to find good information from your content.
Hi there would you mind letting me know which hosting company you’re using?
I’ve loaded your blog in 3 different web browsers and I must say this
blog loads a lot faster then most. Can you suggest a good web hosting provider at a fair price?
Thanks a lot, I appreciate it!
My brother recommended I might like this web site. He
was totally right. This post actually made my
day. You can not imagine simply how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!
Hello! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering if you knew where
I could find a captcha plugin for my comment form?
I’m using the same blog platform as yours and I’m having trouble finding one?
Thanks a lot!
It is appropriate time to make a few plans for the long run and it’s time
to be happy. I’ve learn this publish and if I could I wish to counsel you
few attention-grabbing things or suggestions. Maybe you could write subsequent articles relating to this article.
I want to learn even more things approximately it!
Greetings from Florida! I’m bored to tears at work so I
decided to check out your blog on my iphone during lunch break.
I really like the knowledge you present here and can’t
wait to take a look when I get home. I’m surprised
at how quick your blog loaded on my cell phone .. I’m not even using WIFI,
just 3G .. Anyhow, great blog!
Very energetic post, I liked that bit. Will there be a part 2?
Good day! Would you mind if I share your blog with my facebook group?
There’s a lot of folks that I think would really enjoy your content.
Please let me know. Cheers
Hello There. I found your blog using msn. This is a very well
written article. I’ll make sure to bookmark it
and return to read more of your useful info.
Thanks for the post. I will certainly return.
Amazing issues here. I am very satisfied to see your post.
Thanks a lot and I am taking a look ahead to contact you.
Will you kindly drop me a mail?
Hi there, just became alert to your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative.
I’m going to watch out for brussels. I’ll appreciate if you continue
this in future. Many people will be benefited from your
writing. Cheers!
Thank you for sharing your info. I truly appreciate your efforts and I am waiting for your further post thanks once again.
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to safeguard against hackers?
I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard
on. Any tips?
Its like you read my mind! You appear to know so much about this, like you
wrote the book in it or something. I think that you could do with a few
pics to drive the message home a bit, but instead of that,
this is great blog. An excellent read. I’ll certainly be
back.
Hi there, after reading this awesome piece of writing i am
also cheerful to share my knowledge here with
mates.
Thanks designed for sharing such a nice idea, post is pleasant,
thats why i have read it fully
An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a colleague who has been doing
a little research on this. And he actually ordered me lunch because
I found it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thanks for the meal!!
But yeah, thanx for spending time to talk about this issue
here on your blog.
This is very interesting, You’re a very skilled blogger.
I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your great post.
Also, I’ve shared your web site in my social networks!
I was wondering if you ever thought of changing the page
layout of your website? Its very well written; I
love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better.
Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two images.
Maybe you could space it out better?
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find
this topic to be actually something which I think I would never understand.
It seems too complex and very broad for me. I am looking forward
for your next post, I will try to get the hang of it!
Hi would you mind stating which blog platform you’re using?
I’m going to start my own blog in the near future but
I’m having a hard time choosing between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
The reason I ask is because your design seems different
then most blogs and I’m looking for something completely unique.
P.S My apologies for being off-topic but I had to ask!
It’s actually a cool and useful piece of info. I’m glad that you
simply shared this helpful information with us.
Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
It’s actually a cool and useful piece of info. I’m glad that
you simply shared this useful info with us. Please stay us up to date like this.
Thanks for sharing.
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your articles?
I mean, what you say is fundamental and all. But just imagine if you added some great graphics or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”!
Your content is excellent but with images and video clips, this site could certainly be one
of the most beneficial in its field. Superb blog!
Nice blog here! Also your web site loads up fast! What host are you
using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
I wish my site loaded up as quickly as yours lol
Hi there this is kind of of off topic but I was wondering if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with
HTML. I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding expertise so I wanted to get guidance from someone with experience.
Any help would be enormously appreciated!
Hiya! I know this is kinda off topic nevertheless I’d figured I’d ask.
Would you be interested in exchanging links or maybe guest authoring a blog
article or vice-versa? My website addresses a lot of the same topics as yours and I believe we
could greatly benefit from each other. If you happen to be interested
feel free to shoot me an e-mail. I look forward to hearing from you!
Great blog by the way!
Excellent post however I was wondering if you could write a
litte more on this subject? I’d be very grateful if
you could elaborate a little bit further. Appreciate it!
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect
against hackers? I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any recommendations?
Can you tell us more about this? I’d like to find out more details.
Wow, this article is fastidious, my sister
is analyzing these things, therefore I am going to inform her.
Hmm is anyone else having problems with the pictures on this
blog loading? I’m trying to figure out if its a problem
on my end or if it’s the blog. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Do you have any video of that? I’d like to find out more details.
I just could not leave your web site before suggesting that I extremely
loved the standard info a person supply for your visitors?
Is going to be back incessantly to check out new posts
I used to be able to find good info from your blog articles.
It’s actually a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m glad that you shared this helpful information with us.
Please keep us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
Hello, I think your blog might be having browser compatibility issues.
When I look at your blog in Ie, it looks fine but when opening
in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just
wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, great blog!
Superb blog! Do you have any hints for aspiring writers?
I’m hoping to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything.
Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m completely overwhelmed ..
Any recommendations? Thanks a lot!
I’m not sure where you are getting your info, but good topic.
I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more.
Thanks for wonderful info I was looking for this information for my mission.
We stumbled over here from a different website and thought I might as well check
things out. I like what I see so i am just following you.
Look forward to looking at your web page repeatedly.
Pretty! This was an extremely wonderful post. Thanks for providing these details.
Wonderful blog! I found it while surfing around on Yahoo News.
Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
Thanks
I always used to study piece of writing in news papers
but now as I am a user of web so from now I am using net for content, thanks to web.
I have been browsing online more than 2 hours today, yet I
never found any interesting article like yours. It’s pretty worth
enough for me. In my view, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you
did, the net will be much more useful than ever before.
This post is genuinely a good one it helps new net viewers, who are wishing
for blogging.
I’m impressed, I must say. Seldom do I encounter a blog that’s equally educative and amusing, and without a doubt, you’ve hit the nail on the
head. The problem is something that too few people are speaking intelligently
about. I am very happy that I stumbled across this in my hunt
for something regarding this.
Thanks for some other great post. The place else may anyone get that
type of info in such a perfect way of writing?
I have a presentation next week, and I am at the search for such information.
Good post. I learn something new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon everyday.
It’s always useful to read articles from other writers and practice something from their
web sites.
This post presents clear idea for the new viewers of blogging,
that in fact how to do running a blog.
Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but after checking through some of the post I realized it’s
new to me. Nonetheless, I’m definitely delighted
I found it and I’ll be bookmarking and checking back often!
Hello to all, how is all, I think every one is getting more from this site, and your views are good in support
of new viewers.
Paragraph writing is also a fun, if you be acquainted
with after that you can write if not it is complex to write.
I am actually delighted to read this weblog posts which consists
of plenty of helpful information, thanks for providing these information.
Aw, this was a really nice post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a really good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never manage to get nearly anything done.
fantastic submit, very informative. I’m wondering why the other experts of this sector don’t notice this.
You should continue your writing. I’m sure, you have
a great readers’ base already!
Your way of explaining all in this piece of writing is genuinely fastidious, all be able to without difficulty be aware of it, Thanks a lot.
It’s going to be end of mine day, but before end
I am reading this wonderful article to improve my knowledge.
I used to be able to find good information from your articles.
Howdy! I simply want to offer you a big thumbs up for the excellent information you have got
here on this post. I am coming back to your website
for more soon.
I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own weblog and was curious what all is needed to get setup?
I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny?
I’m not very internet smart so I’m not 100% sure.
Any tips or advice would be greatly appreciated.
Cheers
Sweet blog! I found it while searching on Yahoo News.
Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News?
I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there!
Appreciate it
Hello! This is kind of off topic but I need some help from an established blog.
Is it very difficult to set up your own blog? I’m not very techincal but I can figure things
out pretty fast. I’m thinking about making my own but I’m
not sure where to begin. Do you have any ideas or suggestions?
Cheers
When someone writes an paragraph he/she maintains the
idea of a user in his/her mind that how a user can be aware of it.
Therefore that’s why this article is great. Thanks!
hello there and thank you for your information – I’ve certainly picked up anything new from right here.
I did however expertise a few technical points
using this site, as I experienced to reload the website many times previous to I could get it to
load properly. I had been wondering if your hosting is OK?
Not that I’m complaining, but sluggish loading instances times will sometimes affect your
placement in google and can damage your high quality score if ads and marketing with Adwords.
Well I am adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for
much more of your respective intriguing content.
Make sure you update this again very soon.
I think the admin of this site is actually working hard in favor of
his web page, for the reason that here every material is quality
based information.
Hi there, its pleasant article regarding media print,
we all understand media is a wonderful source of information.
Aw, this was a really good post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to produce a good article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and don’t seem to
get anything done.
I like reading through an article that will make
people think. Also, thank you for permitting me to comment!
At this moment I am going to do my breakfast, when having my
breakfast coming yet again to read other news.
I’ve been surfing online more than three hours today,
yet I never found any interesting article like yours.
It is pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all website owners and bloggers
made good content as you did, the web will be much more useful than ever before.
This post is really a good one it assists new web users, who are wishing for blogging.
I got this web site from my friend who shared with me
on the topic of this site and at the moment this time
I am browsing this site and reading very informative content at this time.
Ahaa, its fastidious conversation about this article here at this website, I have read all that, so
now me also commenting at this place.
You have made some decent points there. I looked on the web to learn more about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your views on this
web site.
Fabulous, what a website it is! This webpage presents useful data to us, keep it up.
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to safeguard
against hackers? I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve
worked hard on. Any recommendations?
For most up-to-date news you have to pay a visit world-wide-web and on internet I found this website as a finest website for newest updates.
Hello everyone, it’s my first pay a visit at this web page, and post is genuinely fruitful designed for me, keep up posting these types of content.
Have you ever considered about including a little bit more than just your articles?
I mean, what you say is important and everything. But think of if you added some great
images or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with pics and video clips, this website could definitely be
one of the most beneficial in its niche. Fantastic blog!
Wow, superb blog layout! How long have you been blogging for?
you make blogging look easy. The overall look of your web site is
excellent, let alone the content!
At this time it seems like Movable Type is the best
blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what
you are using on your blog?
This piece of writing is really a nice one it assists new internet visitors,
who are wishing in favor of blogging.
I like the valuable information you supply in your articles.
I’ll bookmark your blog and take a look at once more here regularly.
I am fairly sure I will be informed plenty of new stuff right here!
Best of luck for the next!
Magnificent goods from you, man. I have bear in mind your stuff
previous to and you are simply too great. I really like what you have obtained here, certainly like
what you’re stating and the way through which you say it. You’re making it enjoyable and you
still care for to stay it sensible. I cant wait to read far more from you.
That is really a great web site.